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Finnlands Nationalschriftsteller

Finlands National Writer

Aleksis Kivi

Albert Edelfeltin kuvaamana ( painted from Albert Edelfelt )

Finnish national writer, playwright, poet, novelist, the creator of Finland's modern literary language. Kivi's major novel was SEITSEMÄN VELJESTÄ (1870, Seven Brothers). Kivi was the first professional writer publishing his works in Finnish. He died in poverty at the age of thirty-eight.

Aleksis Kivi was born at Nurmijärvi in southern Finland, some twenty miles north of Helsinki. He came from a poor background. His mother was Annastiina (Hamberg) Stenvall, the daughter of a smith, who was five years older than her husband. Eerik Johan Stenvall, Kivi's father, was a tailor, who could read and write. Eerik had learnt Swedish, the language every educated Finnish spoke, before a Finnish-language culture fully developed. Kivi also acquired a complete mastery of Swedish. However, in the wake of national awakening Kivi translated his Swedish surname (Stenvall, 'stone-bank') into Finnnish (Kivi, 'stone').

In 1846, at the age of twelve, Kivi left for school in Helsinki, where he found lodgings at the home of a prison warder. For a year his teacher was A.J. Cranberg, an old sailor, and at his small cottage Kivi studied among others Swedish. While living at the home of a master tailor, named Albin Palmqvist, he read widely in his library. With Palmqvist's daughter, Albina, who was five years his senior, he discussed of such writers as Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Byron. Kivi fell in love with Albina, and according to some sources, he proposed marriage. Albina went in 1853 to Denmark, where she started to use morphin for her neuralgia. During the following years, Albina spent much time in Denmark, but when she visited Finland, she met Kivi several times. Kivi never married and Albina also remained single. However, Albina possibly influenced a number of Kivi's female characters in his plays, including Liisa in YÖ JA PÄIVÄ (1866), Elma in KANKURIT (1866), Lea in LEA (1868), Marianne in CANZIO (1868).

Kivi finished in 1857 secondary school, although he occasionally neglected his studies and suffered from hunger. In 1859 Kivi managed to enter the University of Helsinki, where he read the classics of world literature and became interested in the theater. His first play, KULLERVO (1859), was based on the Kalevala and showed the influence of Shakespeare in its dramatic technique. In Helsinki Kivi made friends with J.V. Snellman, the famous philosopher, journalist and politician, who helped him economically. Among his friends were also such Finnish-speaking intellectuals as Fredrik Cygnaeus, Elias Lönnrot, Julius Krohn, and Emil Nervander, who later founded the Kivi cult.

At university Kivi studied sporadically. He was more interested in writing and intended to become a poet like Runeberg. Occasionally he vanished from sight and drank in taverns. Kullervo won a competition held by the Finnish Literature Society. With the prize money Kivi could continue his writing in Nurmijärvi and Siuntio, where he was helped by Charlotta Lönnqvist, a self-sacrificing benefactress, and perhaps also by the Adlercreutz family. From 1863 Kivi devoted himself to his calling. He published 12 plays, collection of poems and Seven Brothers, which he wrote for ten years. The work was crushed by the influential critic August Ahlqvist, who opposed its realism. Ahlqvist's hostile criticism became later a symbol of oppression of artistic freedom. "It is a ridiculous work and a blot on the name of Finnish literature," Ahlqvist wrote in the newspaper Finlands Allmäna Tidningen.

Seven brothers is a humorous novel depicting orphan brothers. To evade the Lutheran Church's requirement that they learn to read and write before confirmation, they flee to the wilderness. After encountering all kinds of disasters, the brothers return to society - matured and ready to take responsibilities. Kivi's individualism and his unconventional approach won him many enemies among the Fennoman movement, which emphasized agrarian and conservative values. Kivi also challenged taboos concerning what was considered decent. The seven brothers were considered too wild - they were not modelled on an idealized picture of the people, but revealed their deep ignorance, laziness, and 'Roussean' resistance to bourgeois values. Kivi's mixture of comical, mythological, and tragic was not understood. Nowadays Seven Brothers has been interpreted at many levels. -

In 1865 Kivi won the State Prize for his play NUMMISUUTARIT (The Heath Cobblers). He lived in Siuntio from 1864, reading, writing, visiting Helsinki - and drinking. Kivi also wrote a play about a beer outing at Schleusingen, OLVIRETKI SCHLEUSINGENISSÄ (1866) and a brisk drinking song: "Hail, brown barley juice, / Hail strong foaming cheer! / Let it all go down / So long as it's beer." (trans. by Keith Bosley) Although Kivi had influential supporters during his writing career, among them Kaarlo Bergbom, who established the Finnish Theatre, he was deeply depressed by the attacks of Ahlqvist and other critics. In the late 1860s Charlotta Lönnqvist could not support the author any more. Seven Brothers appeared in four volumes in 1870. Kivi's last years were shadowed by economical worries, and a physical and mental breakdown. Suffering from schizophrenia he was in a mental hospital in Lapinlahti. After nine months, on May 1872, his brother Albert brought him from Lapinlahti to Tuusula, where he spent his last months in a small rented cottage. Kivi died on the same year on December 31. According to the popular legend his last words were: "Minä elän!"- (I am alive!).

http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/akivi.htm

Aleksis Kivi ( syntyään Alexis Stenvall) syntyi vuonna 1834 Nurmijärvellä Palojoen kylässä.

Aleksis Kivi ( geborener Alexis Stenvall ) wurde 1834 in Nurmijärve in einem Dorf am Palofluss.

Aleksis Kiven syntymäkoti Palojoella

Hänen isänsä oli räätäli Erik Johan Stenvall ja äitinsä Anna Kristiina Holmberg. Perheessä oli kolme poika ja sisko Agnes, joka kuoli 13-vuotiaana. Aleksis Kivi vanhemmat olivat suomenkielisiä, mutta he osasivat puhua myös ruotsia.

Sein Vater war Schneider, Erik Johan Sternvall und seine Mutter war Anna Kristiina Holmberg.

In der Familie waren 3 Jungs und Schwester Agnes, die jedoch 13-jährig verstarb.

Die Eltern von Aleksis Kivi waren finnischsprachig, aber sie sprachen teilweise auch schwedisch.

Aleksis Kivi muutti 11-vuotianna Helsinkiin, koska hän halusi käydä koulua siellä. Hän opiskeli ruotsin kielen, koska hän halusi opiskella ylioppilaaksi ja papiksi. Ilman ruotsin kielen taitoa Suomessa ei voinut valmistua ylioppilaksi eikä papiksi.

Aleksis Kivi ,eigentlich Alexis Stenvall (* 10. Oktober 1834 in Nurmijärvi, Finnland; † 31. Dezember 1872 in Tuusula) war ein finnischer Nationaldichter. Er gilt als Vater der modernen Literatur in finnischer Sprache. Zuvor war Schwedisch in seiner Heimat Literatursprache gewesen.

Leben

Der unter seinem fennisierten Namen Aleksis Kivi (schwedisch Stenvall = „Steinbank“, finnisch Kivi = „Stein“) berühmte Schriftsteller wurde als jüngstes von fünf Kindern geboren. Seine Eltern, der Schneider Eerik Stenvall und Anna-Kristiin hatten zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits drei Söhne und eine Tochter. Er beschrieb sich später selbst als lebhaftes, einfallsreiches, „fröhliches und mutiges“ Kind und erlernte neben Finnisch auch die schwedische Sprache, die jeder „gebildete Finne“ damals beherrschte. Nach dem Besuch der Volksschule wechselte er mit zwölf Jahren (1846) auf eine Schule in Helsinki.

Kivi lebte eine Zeit lang bei einem Schneider namens Albin Palmqvist und nutzte die freie Zeit fast ausschließlich zum Lesen. Mit der fünf Jahre älteren Tochter Palmqvists, Albina, sprach er über die Werke William Shakespeares, Cervantes und Byrons. Alexis verliebte sich in Albina, wollte sie sogar heiraten (unbestätigt), jedoch ging Albina 1853 nach Dänemark und begann, Morphine zu nehmen. Während der folgenden Jahre verbrachte Albina viel Zeit außer Landes, traf Kivi jedoch mehrmals bei ihren Besuchen in Finnland. Beide heirateten nie. Eine Anzahl von Kivis weiblichen Rollen (Liisa in „Yö ja Päivä“ (1866), Elma in „Kankurit“ (1866), Lea in „Lea“ (1868)) sollen Albina widerspiegeln.

Seine Schulzeit schloss Aleksis Kivi mit der Reifeprüfung ab. Ein späteres Universitätsstudium brach er ab. In seiner Jugend traf er mit den wichtigsten Persönlichkeiten seiner Zeit wie Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Elias Lönnrot und Fredrik Cygnaeus zusammen.

Seine Schaffensperiode dauerte knappe zehn Jahre. Die vernichtende Kritik an seinem später weltberühmten Roman "Die sieben Brüder" raubte ihm allen Lebensmut.

Es hieß u. a. 1870: „Es ist eine lächerliche Arbeit und ein Schandfleck der finnischen Literatur“. Seine letzten Lebensmonate verbrachte er in einem unscheinbaren, dunklen Häuschen in Syvälahti, das seinen lebenslangen Alptraum "Obdachlosigkeit und Armut" widerspiegelt. Er litt an Depressionen, Schmerz- und Bedrängnisanfällen und starb am letzten Tag des Jahres 1872 im Alter von 38 Jahren. Seine berühmten letzten Worte waren: Lever, lever (schwed. „Ich lebe“).

Oper

Einojuhani Rautavaara schrieb die Oper „Aleksis Kivi“, ein Portrait des großen finnischen Nationaldichters, die als Hauptattraktion der Opernfestspiele 1997 im finnischen Savonlinna uraufgeführt wurde.

Werke

• Olviretki Schleusingenissa, 1866 (dt. „Bierfahrt nach Schleusingen“)
• Yö ja päivä, Schauspiel, 1866 (dt. Nacht und Tag)
• Lea, Schauspiel, 1868
• Seitsemän veljestä, 1870 (dt. „Die sieben Brüder“, etliche Übersetzungen, so 1942 von Rita Öhquist)
• Margareta, Schauspiel, 1871

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